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The procedural rights of defendants in the EU have evolved through a combination of legislative harmonisation and judicial interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Following the 2009 Roadmap for strengthening procedural rights of suspected or accused persons in criminal proceedings, …

The article traces the genesis and adoption of Directive (EU) 2016/343 on the presumption of innocence and the right to be present at trial, the fourth measure under the Roadmap on procedural rights. Cras and Erbežnik outline the political debates in Council and Parliament, the …