In December 2018, FRA published a paper looking at the evolution of the ECtHR’s case law relating to hate crime.

The paper looks at the Court’s rulings regarding the duty of state authorities to effectively investigate possible racist motivation under Article 2 ECHR and beyond. Furthermore, it analyses the Court’s rulings on hate crimes committed by private persons. Lastly, the paper looks at the duty to investigate when other bias motivations besides racism come into play such as bias related to religious hatred, disability, political opinion, sexual orientation, or gender-based discrimination.